Abstract:Non-volatile liquid organic semiconducting materials have received much attention as emerging functional materials for organic electronic and optoelectronic devices due to their remarkable advantages. However, charge injection and transport processes are significantly impeded at interfaces between electrodes and liquid organic semiconductors, resulting in overall lower performance compared to conventional solid-state electronic devices. Here we successfully demonstrate efficient charge injection into solvent-free liquid organic semiconductors via cracked metal structures with a large number of edges leading to local electric field enhancement. For this work, thin metal films on deformable polymer substrates were mechanically stretched to generate cracks on the metal surfaces in a controlled manner, and charge injection properties into a typical non-volatile liquid organic semiconducting material, (9-2-ethylhexyl)carbazole (EHCz), were investigated in low bias region (i.e., ohmic current region). It was found that the cracked structures significantly increased the current density at a fixed external bias voltage via the local electric field enhancement, which was strongly supported by field intensity calculation using COMSOL Multiphysics software. We anticipate that these results will significantly contribute to the development and further refinement of various organic electronic and optoelectronic devices based on non-volatile liquid organic semiconducting materials.Keywords: organic electronics; liquid semiconductors; charge injection; surface engineering; crack engineering
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*ASUS Accidental Damage Protection (ADP) covers electrical surges, drops, and liquid spills. Product must be purchased in brand new condition to qualify for the one year free ADP program, and the product must be registered with ASUS within 60 days of purchase. Units purchased from Best Buy USA DO NOT QUALIFY FOR APC. Refurbished and/or open box products also DO NOT QUALIFY. Scenarios not covered by the ADP terms include (but are not limited to): scratches and dents, incorrect or inadequate customer installation, lost or stolen products, intentional damage, recovery or transfer of stored data to the product, requests for miscellaneous cables or accessories, and damages caused by acts of God or nature. Filing a claim depends on prior validation and approval by ASUS. Only one (1) ADP claim may be filed per coverage year commencing on the purchase date of your product. You are responsible to pay shipping cost to ASUS repair center and after the repair is completed ASUS will return the product back to you within the United States or Canada. Exclusions may apply and all claims are subject to verification and confirmation by ASUS.
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It is because the liquid in the bottle is supercooled - the temperature of the liquid is below its normal freezing point, but the liquid has still not turned into a solid. That's because it needs something to kick-start the freezing process and encourage a small number of the liquid molecules to get together in a regular arrangement, as they do in a crystal, instead of moving around independently as they do in the liquid.
The process is called nucleation, because it encourages the molecules in the liquid to form a crystal-like nucleus onto which others can then latch. The kick-start can be given by a piece of dust, a rough spot on the surface of a container, or the shock wave generated when you hit a bottle just out of the freezer. Shock waves from an in-built metallic 'clicker' are used in a new 'wine warmer' which contains a supercooled liquid that releases heat as it solidifies.
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